BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fighting Jim Crow
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Duke University

Secondary Sources
Brosnahan, Cori. “The Two Lives of Eugene Bullard,” PBS American Experience. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/great-war-two-lives-eugene-bullard/.

Green, Ely. “Chapter 3: The Long Arm of Tradition” and “Chapter 4: The Third War of Segregation.” In Ely: Too Black, Too White, 391-494. University of Massachusetts Press, 1970.

Hunton, Addie, and Katherine Johnson. Two Colored Women with the American Expeditionary Forces. Brooklyn Eagle Press, 1920. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/70223.

Keith, Jeannette. Rich Man’s War, Poor Man’s Fight: Race, Class, and Power in the Rural South. University of North Carolina Press, 2005.

Krugler, David. 1919, The Year of Racial Violence: How African Americans Fought Back. Cambridge University Press, 2015.

Lentz-Smith, Adriane. Freedom Struggles: African Americans and World War I. Harvard University Press, 2009.

Lentz-Smith, Adriane. “The World’s Experience,” Medium.com. Published March 24, 2017. https://medium.com/americanexperiencepbs/the-worlds-experience-62b9ec7c9ddb.

Reich, Steven A. "Soldiers of Democracy: Black Texans and the Fight for Citizenship, 1917-1921." Journal of American History 82 (March 1996): 1478-1504.

Williams, Chad L. Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in the World War I Era. University of North Carolina Press, 2010.

Primary Sources 

Pippin, Horace. "Horace Pippin's Autobiography, First World War, circa 1920s." Smithsonian. https://transcription.si.edu/project/12013.

Renesch, E. G. “True Blue” World War I Poster, Chicago. 1919. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/2032262.

"True Sons of Freedom." 1918. Chicago: Chas. Gustrine. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/93503146/. 

Scott, Emmett. History of the Black Man in the Great War, esp. Chapter XXVII, “Negro Women and War Work,” written by Alice Dunbar-Nelson. Homewood Press, 1919.
https://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/scott/ScottTC.htm.

"The Great Migration: Letters of Negro Migrants of 1916-1918." The Journal of Negro History 4, no. 3 (Oct. 1919): 290-340.
https://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/social/greatmigration/letters/negro_letters.html.

Du Bois, W. E. B. “Returning Soldiers.” Crisis (May 1919): 13-14.
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000052846791&seq=17.

Virginia World War I Questionnaires with photos of Black Virginia vets
https://lva-virginia.libguides.com/WWI.

Sieber, Karen. “Visualizing the Red Summer.”
https://visualizingtheredsummer.com/.