BIBLIOGRAPHY and KEY QUOTES
The Model Town of Pullman: Remaking Political Imagination in the Industrial Age
Jeffrey Helgeson, Texas State University
Primary Sources
Excerpt from pages 309-31 of Citizen: Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy by Louise W. Knight, published by the University of Chicago Press, 2005, available at: press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/446999.html.
Carwardine, William Horace. The Pullman Strike. No. 36. CH Kerr, 1894, available at: https://librarycollections.law.umn.edu/documents/darrow/Carwardine%20Pullman.pdf.
Cleveland, Grover. The Government in the Chicago Strike of 1894. Princeton University Press, 1913, available at: https://librarycollections.law.umn.edu/documents/darrow/Grover%20Cleveland%20Strike.pdf.
Ely, Richard T. “Pullman: A Social Study,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine Vol. LXX (December 1884 to May 1885): 452-466, available at: https://librarycollections.law.umn.edu/documents/darrow/Pullman_Social_Study_Harper_s_Magazine_1885.pdf.
Winston, A. P. "The Significance of the Pullman Strike." Journal of Political Economy 9, no. 4 (1901): 540-561, available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1819352.
Primary Source Image Slides and Key Questions
Key Primary Quotes
American Railway Union leader Eugene V. Debs testified: “We became satisfied that things were assuming too serious a phase, and that a point had been reached when, in the interest of peace and to prevent riot and trouble we must declare the strike off . . . It was in the crisis when everything was at stake, where possibly it might have eventuated in a revolution.” (Quoted in Brecher, 95)
Debs: “I believe a rich plunderer like Pullman is a greater felon than a poor thief, and it has become no small part of the duty of this organization to strip the mask of hypocrisy from the pretended philanthropist and show him to the world as an oppressor of labor. . . . The paternalism of Pullman is the same as the interest of a slave holder in his human chattels. You are striking to avert slavery and degradation.” (Quoted in Lindsey, 124)
Address by Jennie Curtis, President of ARU Local 269, the "Girls" Local Union:
"Mr. President and Brothers of the American Railway Union:
We struck at Mr. Pullman because we were without hope. We joined the American Railway Union because it gave us a glimmer of hope. Twenty-thousand souls, men, women, and little ones, have their eyes turned toward this convention today; straining eagerly through dark despondency for a glimmer of the heaven-sent message which you alone can give us on this earth.
Pullman, both the man and the town, is an ulcer on the body politic. He owns the houses, the schoolhouse, and the churches of God in the town he gave his once humble name.
And, thus, the merry war -- the dance of skeletons bathed in human tears -- goes on; and it will go on, brothers, forever unless you, the American Railway Union, stop it; end it; crush it out.
And so I say, come along with us, for decent conditions everywhere!"
Available at: https://www.illinoislaborhistory.org/labor-history-articles/address-to-1894-convention-of-american-railway-union)
In 1885, the labor reformer Richard T. Ely wrote that “Pullman is un-American. . . it is benevolent, well-wishing feudalism.”
Ely, Richard T. “Pullman: A Social Study,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine Vol. LXX (December 1884 to May 1885): 452-466, available at: https://librarycollections.law.umn.edu/documents/darrow/Pullman_Social_Study_Harper_s_Magazine_1885.pdf.
Walt Whitman, made the following observation in February 1879 while observing poor, unemployed tramps: "their eyes [were] cast down, spying for scraps, rags, bones…If the United States, like the countries of the Old World, are also to grow vast crops of poor, desperate, dissatisfied, nomadic, miserably-waged populations, such as we see looming upon us of late years--steadily, even if slowly, eating into them like a cancer of lungs or stomach--then our republican experiment, notwithstanding all its surface-successes, is a heart an unhealthy failure.” Quoted in Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America, 70.
Select Bibliography
Baldwin, Davarian L. Chicago's New Negroes: Modernity, the Great Migration, and Black Urban Life. University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
Balto, Simon. “Prologue: The Promised Land and the Devil’s Sanctum: The Risings of the Chicago Police Department and Black Chicago.” In Occupied Territory: Policing Black Chicago from Red Summer to Black Power, 13-25. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. Accessed March 4, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469649610_balto.6.
Bassett, Jonathan. "The Pullman Strike of 1894." OAH Magazine of History 11, Issue 2 (1997): 34-41. https://doi.org/10.1093/maghis/11.2.34.
Bates, Beth Tompkins. Pullman Porters and the Rise of Protest Politics in Black America, 1925-1945. University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
Brecher, Jeremy. Strike!, Revised, expanded, and updated edition. PM Press, 2014.
Hudson, Cheryl. "The 'Un-American' Experiment: Jane Addams's Lessons from Pullman." Journal of American Studies 47, no. 4 (2013): 903-23.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021875813001370.
Lindsey, Almont. The Pullman Strike: The Story of a Unique Experiment and of a Great Labor Upheaval. University of Chicago, 1964.
Reiff, Janice L. "A Modern Lear and His Daughters: Gender in the Model Town of Pullman." Journal of Urban History 23, no. 3 (1997): 316-341. https://doi.org/10.1177/009614429702300304.
Tuttle, Jr., William M. “Labor Conflict and Racial Violence: The Black Worker in Chicago, 1894–1919.” Labor History 10, no. 3 (June 1, 1969): 408–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/00236566908584086.
The Model Town of Pullman: Remaking Political Imagination in the Industrial Age
Jeffrey Helgeson, Texas State University
Primary Sources
Excerpt from pages 309-31 of Citizen: Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy by Louise W. Knight, published by the University of Chicago Press, 2005, available at: press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/446999.html.
Carwardine, William Horace. The Pullman Strike. No. 36. CH Kerr, 1894, available at: https://librarycollections.law.umn.edu/documents/darrow/Carwardine%20Pullman.pdf.
Cleveland, Grover. The Government in the Chicago Strike of 1894. Princeton University Press, 1913, available at: https://librarycollections.law.umn.edu/documents/darrow/Grover%20Cleveland%20Strike.pdf.
Ely, Richard T. “Pullman: A Social Study,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine Vol. LXX (December 1884 to May 1885): 452-466, available at: https://librarycollections.law.umn.edu/documents/darrow/Pullman_Social_Study_Harper_s_Magazine_1885.pdf.
Winston, A. P. "The Significance of the Pullman Strike." Journal of Political Economy 9, no. 4 (1901): 540-561, available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1819352.
Primary Source Image Slides and Key Questions
Key Primary Quotes
American Railway Union leader Eugene V. Debs testified: “We became satisfied that things were assuming too serious a phase, and that a point had been reached when, in the interest of peace and to prevent riot and trouble we must declare the strike off . . . It was in the crisis when everything was at stake, where possibly it might have eventuated in a revolution.” (Quoted in Brecher, 95)
Debs: “I believe a rich plunderer like Pullman is a greater felon than a poor thief, and it has become no small part of the duty of this organization to strip the mask of hypocrisy from the pretended philanthropist and show him to the world as an oppressor of labor. . . . The paternalism of Pullman is the same as the interest of a slave holder in his human chattels. You are striking to avert slavery and degradation.” (Quoted in Lindsey, 124)
Address by Jennie Curtis, President of ARU Local 269, the "Girls" Local Union:
"Mr. President and Brothers of the American Railway Union:
We struck at Mr. Pullman because we were without hope. We joined the American Railway Union because it gave us a glimmer of hope. Twenty-thousand souls, men, women, and little ones, have their eyes turned toward this convention today; straining eagerly through dark despondency for a glimmer of the heaven-sent message which you alone can give us on this earth.
Pullman, both the man and the town, is an ulcer on the body politic. He owns the houses, the schoolhouse, and the churches of God in the town he gave his once humble name.
And, thus, the merry war -- the dance of skeletons bathed in human tears -- goes on; and it will go on, brothers, forever unless you, the American Railway Union, stop it; end it; crush it out.
And so I say, come along with us, for decent conditions everywhere!"
Available at: https://www.illinoislaborhistory.org/labor-history-articles/address-to-1894-convention-of-american-railway-union)
In 1885, the labor reformer Richard T. Ely wrote that “Pullman is un-American. . . it is benevolent, well-wishing feudalism.”
Ely, Richard T. “Pullman: A Social Study,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine Vol. LXX (December 1884 to May 1885): 452-466, available at: https://librarycollections.law.umn.edu/documents/darrow/Pullman_Social_Study_Harper_s_Magazine_1885.pdf.
Walt Whitman, made the following observation in February 1879 while observing poor, unemployed tramps: "their eyes [were] cast down, spying for scraps, rags, bones…If the United States, like the countries of the Old World, are also to grow vast crops of poor, desperate, dissatisfied, nomadic, miserably-waged populations, such as we see looming upon us of late years--steadily, even if slowly, eating into them like a cancer of lungs or stomach--then our republican experiment, notwithstanding all its surface-successes, is a heart an unhealthy failure.” Quoted in Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America, 70.
Select Bibliography
Baldwin, Davarian L. Chicago's New Negroes: Modernity, the Great Migration, and Black Urban Life. University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
Balto, Simon. “Prologue: The Promised Land and the Devil’s Sanctum: The Risings of the Chicago Police Department and Black Chicago.” In Occupied Territory: Policing Black Chicago from Red Summer to Black Power, 13-25. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. Accessed March 4, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469649610_balto.6.
Bassett, Jonathan. "The Pullman Strike of 1894." OAH Magazine of History 11, Issue 2 (1997): 34-41. https://doi.org/10.1093/maghis/11.2.34.
Bates, Beth Tompkins. Pullman Porters and the Rise of Protest Politics in Black America, 1925-1945. University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
Brecher, Jeremy. Strike!, Revised, expanded, and updated edition. PM Press, 2014.
Hudson, Cheryl. "The 'Un-American' Experiment: Jane Addams's Lessons from Pullman." Journal of American Studies 47, no. 4 (2013): 903-23.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021875813001370.
Lindsey, Almont. The Pullman Strike: The Story of a Unique Experiment and of a Great Labor Upheaval. University of Chicago, 1964.
Reiff, Janice L. "A Modern Lear and His Daughters: Gender in the Model Town of Pullman." Journal of Urban History 23, no. 3 (1997): 316-341. https://doi.org/10.1177/009614429702300304.
Tuttle, Jr., William M. “Labor Conflict and Racial Violence: The Black Worker in Chicago, 1894–1919.” Labor History 10, no. 3 (June 1, 1969): 408–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/00236566908584086.
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“Rethinking the Gilded Age and Progressivisms: Race, Capitalism, and Democracy, 1877 to 1920” has been made possible by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute for K-12 Educators program. Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this program do not necessarily represent those of the National Endowment for the Humanities. |
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